Engraving
It is a technique that allows to reproduce figures and designs
over paper
There are four procedures,
dependeing on the matrix that is used:
Xylography, Serygraphy, Etching and Lithography .
Xilography
It is an engraving technique that uses as a matrix a badge of wood.
It is a very ancient procedure. It was used in China by the VI century.
In Europe, by the end of the XIV, it was used to imprimate games cards sets
and some books.
By the half of the XV Century, it begins to be used as an artistic way of
expression that reaches an excellent level with Alberto Durero (1471-1528).
At the beginings of XX century, the xylography technique
resurges with originality and strengh
This technique consist on carving a wooden hard badge and fine fiber
keeping in relief the parts that would be drawn. The parts that it is wanted
to conserve in white must be lowwered with a gouge or chisel, and then, after having
been linked, it is ready to allow its stamping in paper and
the edition of several copies.
Serigraphy
Engraving techniqye that it is used to obtain
art reproductions.
This technique consists on filtering the colors through a silk plot.
The parts of the original that it is not wanted to be filtered
should be covered with a waterproofing material.
It is a very easy technique that allows to reproduce a topic
on any material: paper, metal, wood, porcelain, cloth etc. etc.
Etching
This technique uses a metal womb, usually of copper or zinc
and nitric acid.
1.- The parts that are not wanted to be adultered by the acid,
they should be protected with a special varnish layer or resin.
2.- The unprotected parts are traced on with differents lines
or furrows. These lines are carried out with tips of steel of
different size, according to the result that it is wanted to obtain.
3.- Having done these two steps, this metal sheet is dived in
a solution of nitric acid.<
This technique allows the artist a great freedom to obtain
special personal effects.
Lithography.
This technique uses as womb or matrix ballast of
calcareous stone
of 5 to 10 cms. of thickness.
It surface can be flat either grained.
The artist drawns on it the subject. He uses lithographic pencils,
paintbrushes or special feathers.
After this, the drawing is undergone to a chemical process in order
to be fixed on long terms conditions.
The ink that is used is a fatty ink. This ink is applied
over the stone with a roller.
The incompatibility between the water and the fat is the principle
on that this technique is based.
The artist can also carry out the drawing on a leaf of hard paper,
and to print it on the stone by means of a lithographic press.
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